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This is a test for the mutation discovered by Dr. Chad Dechow at Penn State University, termed “Early Onset Muscle Weakness Syndrome (MW)” - formerly “Calf Recumbency (CR)”. Affected calves are unable to stand without assistance, exhibit motor impairment, and usually die within the first few weeks of life.

Further information on Early Onset Muscle Weakness Syndrome (Calf Recumbency) can be found here: Calf_Recumbency & CDCB

There are 3 possible results from this test:

TT (Afflicted): Homozygous (two copies), this animal is afflicted with the condition.

CT (Carrier): Carrier (one copy), this animal will pass the mutation on to 50% of offspring.

CC (Non-Carrier): Non-carrier (zero copies), this animal does not carry the mutation and will not pass it on to any offspring.

Beta casein is a protein that constitutes a significant portion of milk. This protein is encoded by two different alleles, A1 and A2. Recent scientific studies and trends have demonstrated a preference for milk from cattle carrying the A2/A2 genotype over A1/A1 or A1/A2 genotypes. This preference is based on emerging evidence suggesting that A1 milk may be associated with certain health concerns, while A2 milk may be a healthier alternative.

This test reports on the specific genotype (A1 or A2) of the BCN gene. More info on this mutation can be found here: A2 milk, farmer decisions, and risk management - Woodford, Keith (Lincoln University)

There are 3 possible results from this test:

A2/A2: This animal is carrying the A2/A2 genotype.

A1/A2: This animal is carrying the A1/A2 genotype.

A1/A1: This animal is carrying the A1/A1 genotype.

Kappa-casein is a protein found in cow's milk that plays a role in the production of milk protein and cheese yield. Higher levels of kappa-casein are associated with increased milk protein and casein content, favorable for cheese production.

More info on this mutation can be found here: Kappa-Casein

There are 3 possible results from this test:

B/B: Cows with B/B genotype will produce higher concentrations of kappa-casein in milk.

A/B: Cows with A/B genotype will produce medium concentrations of kappa-casein in milk.

A/A: Cows with A/A genotype will produce lower concentrations of kappa-casein in milk.

Red and White Holsteins can either be Dominant Red or Recessive Red. Dominant Reds differ in that this mutation is dominant, or overrides a black & white color.

More info on this mutation can be found here: Dominant Red

There are 3 possible results from this test:

DR/DR: Homozygous (two copies), this animal will produce 100% red calves.

DR/N: Carrier (one copy), this animal will produce at least 50% red calves.

N/N: Non-Carrier (zero copies), this animal does not have Dominant Red color and color will be determined by the Recessive Red mutation.

Detects whether an Animal carries the polled or horned mutation at the Friesian locus. This is the allele most common in Holsteins and most other dairy breeds.

There are 3 possible results from this test:

PP: Animals with PP genotype (homozygous/polled) will have no horns. No offspring will have horns

Pp: Animals with Pp genotype (heterozygous/carrier) will have no horns. Offspring may have horns depending on genotype of mate.

pp: Animals with pp genotype (homozygous/horned) will have horns. Offspring will also have horns or be carriers depending on genotype of the mate.

Red and White Holsteins can either be Dominant Red or Recessive Red. Recessive Red Holsteins differ in that this mutation is recessive, or is overridden by, black & white color.

More info on this mutation can be found here: Recessive Red

There are 3 possible results from this test:

RR/RR: Homozygous (two copies). If bred with another RR/RR animal, 100% of calves will be red. If bred with a Carrier (RR/N), 50% of calves will be red and 50% will be carriers. Non-carrier (N/N) breedings will result in 100% carriers.

RR/N: Carrier (one copy). If bred with a homozygous (RR/RR) animal, 50% of calves will be red. If bred to a carrier (RR/N), 25% of calves will be red and 50% will be carriers. If bred to a Non-Carrier (N/N), 50% of calves will be carriers.

N/N: Non-Carrier (zero copies). Does not have Recessive Red and color will be determined by Dominant Red mutation.

Detects whether an animal carries the polled or horned allele. Specific for the Celtic allele, found in most beef breeds and a few dairy.

There are 3 possible results from this test:

PP: Animals with PP genotype (homozygous/polled) will have no horns. No offspring will have horns

Pp: Animals with Pp genotype (heterozygous/carrier) will have no horns. Offspring may have horns depending on genotype of mate.

pp: Animals with pp genotype (homozygous/horned) will have horns. Offspring will also have horns or be carriers depending on genotype of the mate.